Water hardness is caused almost entirely by calcium and magnesium ions. Other divalent and trivalent metals have a similar effect, but are not usually present in sufficient concentrations in drinking water to cause problems. High hardness prevents the formation of soap scum and can cause scale in water systems, especially boilers, cooling systems, and fresh water piping.

pH measurement is one of the most important and common tests in water chemistry. Almost every step in water supply and wastewater treatment (e.g., acid-base neutralization, water softening, sedimentation, coagulation, disinfection, and corrosion control) depends on pH. pH is used in the measurement of alkalinity and carbon dioxide and many other acid-base equilibria. At a given temperature, the intensity of the acidic or basic activity of a solution is indicated by pH, or hydrogen ion activity.

This term is the name of advanced products with scale removal, anti-scale and anti-corrosion properties that are designed to help optimize energy consumption and solve scale and corrosion problems in industrial water systems. The name "Mitreh" is derived from the ancient word "Mitreh" which means pact, friendship and sun. This name reflects the commitment of the creators of Mitreh to create a friendly relationship between industry and water.

Chloride, in the form of the chloride ion (Cl-), is one of the most important mineral anions in water and wastewater. The salty taste varies with the chloride concentration and is dependent on the chemical composition of the water. Some waters containing 250 mg Cl-/L may have a detectable salty taste if the sodium cation is present.

Chemically, the alkalinity of water indicates its capacity to be neutralized by an acid. Neutralization of water means that the pH of the water reaches about 4.5. The alkalinity of natural waters is due to the presence of hydroxides, carbonates, and bicarbonates.

TDS stands for total dissolved solids, which is the sum of the concentrations of all ions in water. Dissolved substances in water may be “organic” or “inorganic” in nature. Total dissolved solids (TDS) cannot be considered the main criterion for determining water quality and is more a measure of the degree of clarity of water.

Boiler systems encounter two gases, oxygen and carbon dioxide, dissolved in the water entering them during their working process. The presence of these gases causes corrosion in boilers and heating systems and will disable the device in the long term. Usually, dissolved oxygen in water is removed in two ways, physically and chemically.

Cooling towers, as the name suggests, are used for cooling. Equipment used in industry for heat transfer is one of the important equipments, among which cooling towers are effective and practical for the continuation and continuity of operations and other processes.

X-ray fluorescence or XRF analysis is the characteristic emission of "secondary" (or fluorescent) X-rays from a material that has been excited by bombardment with high-energy X-rays or gamma rays.

Antifreeze is a colored liquid that mixes with water and helps in regulating the engine in extreme temperatures. and is pumped throughout the engine block to maintain a uniform operating temperature. In addition to temperature regulation, mitreh antifreeze is also effective in preventing corrosion.

In the boiler industry, high purity feedwater is essential to ensure proper operation of steam generation systems. High purity water reduces the use of boiler chemicals due to the frequent reduction in blowdown output required (reduction of blowdown frequency by up to 10 times).

X-ray diffraction or XRD analysis is a device for measuring the distances between atomic planes, or in other words, identifying the structure of materials, the result of which is determining the name of the mineral or minerals that make up the sample. The XRD X-ray diffraction spectrometer is widely used in identifying unknown crystalline solid samples. Among the things that can be determined in XRD are the detection of the crystal phase, the size and shape of the crystal grain, the composition of the crystal atoms and its structure, etc. The X-ray diffraction pattern is unique for each material.

One of the methods of producing fresh water for industrial use is the use of multi-stage thermal desalination plants to desalinate seawater. Due to the high content of soluble and insoluble compounds in seawater and the high temperature shock in desalination packages, sedimentation in these packages is unavoidable. For this reason, periodic sediment removal from desalination plants should be performed.

When water is used as a thermal fluid, the salts and hardness in the water are separated due to the temperature shock and settle on the surfaces, forming deposits. These deposits are one of the most important factors of erosion and corrosion in heating and cooling installations.

The most important method for preventing sediment formation is to improve the quality of water used in various industries. This method is carried out in various forms such as sedimentation, filtration, deaeration, degreasing, using the under-water rinsing method, and softening the water used.

Corrosion by sulfate-reducing bacteria was first discovered in the Netherlands in 1934. Sulfate-reducing bacteria, abbreviated as SRB, live in aquatic environments, deep underground and in the seas, where dissolved oxygen is minimal.