Total Hardness Kit
Total Hardness Kit water hardness is caused almost entirely by calcium and magnesium ions. Other di- and trivalent metals have a similar effect, but usually are not present in high…
Alkalinity Test Kit
Alkalinity Test Kit Alkalinity is a chemical measurement of a water’s ability to neutralize acids. Alkalinity is also a measure of a water’s buffering capacity or its ability to resist…
pH Test Kit
pH Test Kit .In chemistry, pH ( denoting ‘potential of hydrogen’ or ‘power of hydrogen’) is a scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution pH…
(Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR
Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) is the method which scientists use to determine the structures of molecules with the molecules’ characteristic absorption of infrared radiation. Infrared spectrum is molecular vibrational spectrum. When…
Alkalinity
2320 ALKALINITY*#(29) 2320 A. Introduction Discussion Alkalinity of a water is its acid-neutralizing capacity. It is the sum of all the titratable bases. The measured value may vary significantly with…
Acidity
2310 ACIDITY*#(28) 2310 A. Introduction Acidity of a water is its quantitative capacity to react with a strong base to a designated pH. The measured value may vary significantly with…
Total hardness
1. Terminology Originally, water hardness was understood to be a measure of the capacity of water to precipitate soap. Soap is precipitated chiefly by the calcium and magnesium ions present. Other polyvalent…
Solids
Solids refer to matter suspended or dissolved in potable, surface, and saline waters, as well as domestic and industrial wastewaters. Solids may adversely affect water or effluent quality in a number…
Sulfite
Sulfite ions (SO32−) may occur in boilers and boiler feedwaters treated with sulfite for dissolved oxygen control, in natural waters or wastewaters as a result of industrial pollution, and in treatment plant effluents…
Phosphorus
. Occurrence Phosphorus occurs in natural waters and in wastewaters almost solely as phosphates. These are classified as orthophosphates, condensed phosphates (pyro-, meta-, and other polyphosphates), and organically bound…
Measurement of pH
Principles Measurement of pH is one of the most important and frequently used tests in water chemistry. Practically every phase of water supply and wastewater treatment (e.g., acid–base neutralization, water…