The origin and importance of magnesium

Find out if your water is prone to scaling or corrosion with Langelier Index (LSI), Reisnar and Pocurius. A practical guide for industries and water systems

Learn why water alkalinity with carbonate and bicarbonate is important, how to measure it, and what solutions there are to prevent scaling.

Why is iron in water dangerous? Fe measurement method, limits, impact on equipment and control solutions + accurate laboratory analysis.

What is water parameter analysis? How to prevent scale and corrosion? Comprehensive physical, chemical and microbial guide + answers to common questions

Orthophosphates, pyrophosphates, metaphosphates, and other polyphosphates and organophosphates are phosphorus in natural waters and wastewaters that occur as phosphates. They are found in solution, in particulate or powder form, or in the form of aquatic organisms.

The solubility of iron ions is controlled by the concentration of carbonate. Since groundwaters are often oxygen-deficient, soluble iron in groundwaters is usually in the form of iron salts. Upon exposure to air or the addition of oxidants, iron is oxidized to the ferrous state and can be hydrolyzed to produce the insoluble red hydrated iron oxide.

Copper exists in its elemental state, but is also found in many minerals, the most important of which include sulfide compounds (such as chalcopyrite), as well as oxides and carbonates. Copper is widely used in electrical wiring, roofing materials, various alloys, pigments, cookware, plumbing, and the chemical industry. Copper salts are used in water supply systems to control biological growth in tanks and distribution pipes and to catalyze the oxidation of manganese.

There are various methods for measuring the amount of organic matter in water. These methods include measuring the volatile fraction, measuring the total solids, BOD and COD. Because measuring the volatile fraction and measuring the total solids has a relatively large error, they are more often used than measuring the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) to obtain the amount of organic matter in water.