UV-Vis or ultraviolet-visible spectrometer (spectrophotometer)

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry separates chemical mixtures (gas phase) and identifies components at the molecular level (mass phase). It is one of the most accurate tools for analyzing environmental samples.

Flame photometry is used to determine the concentration of alkaline earth and alkaline elements (in inorganic chemical analysis to determine the concentration of certain metal ions including sodium, potassium, lithium, and calcium) in aqueous solutions.

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a method that scientists use to determine the structure of molecules by absorbing characteristic infrared radiation. The infrared spectrum is the vibrational spectrum of a molecule. When exposed to infrared radiation, sample molecules selectively absorb radiation of specific wavelengths, which causes a change in the dipole moment of the sample molecules.

The Autolab is an ideal choice for those looking for a low-cost, compact, yet high-performance electrochemical analyzer. Fully integrated with NOVA software, this compact instrument can perform resistance measurements in the microhertz to megahertz frequency range.

HPLC analysis, or high-performance liquid chromatography, is suitable for analyzing and separating chemical and plant compounds and is used in various fields of chemistry, pharmacy, industrial chemistry, and clinical diagnostics.

A silicate glass used for glass membranes consists of an infinite three-dimensional structure of four negatively charged SiO4 groups, in which each silicon is bonded to four oxygens and each oxygen to two silicons. Within the network of this structure there are enough cations to neutralize the negative charge of the silicate group. Singly charged cations such as sodium and lithium move in the network and are responsible for electrical conduction within the membrane.

The pH of water determines the concentration of hydrogen ions and its acidity or alkalinity. Pure water dissociates to a very small extent into H and OH ions. The pH of drinking water should usually be around 7 (neutral). If the pH is less than 7, the water is acidic, and if the pH is above 7, the water is alkaline.

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) has developed a standard called NFPA 704 that is used to identify hazards from materials (especially chemicals). Among occupational health and safety experts, this standard has become known as the Hazard Diamond. It seems that the Rescue Diamond might have been a more appropriate name for the Hazard Diamond!