Alkalinity of water and its importance

Find out if your water is prone to scaling or corrosion with Langelier Index (LSI), Reisnar and Pocurius. A practical guide for industries and water systems

Learn why water alkalinity with carbonate and bicarbonate is important, how to measure it, and what solutions there are to prevent scaling.

Why is iron in water dangerous? Fe measurement method, limits, impact on equipment and control solutions + accurate laboratory analysis.

What is water parameter analysis? How to prevent scale and corrosion? Comprehensive physical, chemical and microbial guide + answers to common questions

Orthophosphates, pyrophosphates, metaphosphates, and other polyphosphates and organophosphates are phosphorus in natural waters and wastewaters that occur as phosphates. They are found in solution, in particulate or powder form, or in the form of aquatic organisms.

Magnesium is an essential element in chlorophyll and in red blood cells. Some magnesium salts are toxic if ingested or inhaled. Concentrations above 125 mg/L can also have a laxative and diuretic effect.

The solubility of iron ions is controlled by the concentration of carbonate. Since groundwaters are often oxygen-deficient, soluble iron in groundwaters is usually in the form of iron salts. Upon exposure to air or the addition of oxidants, iron is oxidized to the ferrous state and can be hydrolyzed to produce the insoluble red hydrated iron oxide.

Copper exists in its elemental state, but is also found in many minerals, the most important of which include sulfide compounds (such as chalcopyrite), as well as oxides and carbonates. Copper is widely used in electrical wiring, roofing materials, various alloys, pigments, cookware, plumbing, and the chemical industry. Copper salts are used in water supply systems to control biological growth in tanks and distribution pipes and to catalyze the oxidation of manganese.