Electrical conductivity of water (EC)

Orthophosphates, pyrophosphates, metaphosphates, and other polyphosphates and organophosphates are phosphorus in natural waters and wastewaters that occur as phosphates. They are found in solution, in particulate or powder form, or in the form of aquatic organisms.

Magnesium is an essential element in chlorophyll and in red blood cells. Some magnesium salts are toxic if ingested or inhaled. Concentrations above 125 mg/L can also have a laxative and diuretic effect.

The solubility of iron ions is controlled by the concentration of carbonate. Since groundwaters are often oxygen-deficient, soluble iron in groundwaters is usually in the form of iron salts. Upon exposure to air or the addition of oxidants, iron is oxidized to the ferrous state and can be hydrolyzed to produce the insoluble red hydrated iron oxide.

Copper exists in its elemental state, but is also found in many minerals, the most important of which include sulfide compounds (such as chalcopyrite), as well as oxides and carbonates. Copper is widely used in electrical wiring, roofing materials, various alloys, pigments, cookware, plumbing, and the chemical industry. Copper salts are used in water supply systems to control biological growth in tanks and distribution pipes and to catalyze the oxidation of manganese.

There are various methods for measuring the amount of organic matter in water. These methods include measuring the volatile fraction, measuring the total solids, BOD and COD. Because measuring the volatile fraction and measuring the total solids has a relatively large error, they are more often used than measuring the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) to obtain the amount of organic matter in water.

Alkalinity is a chemical measure of water's ability to neutralize acids. Alkalinity is also a measure of the buffering capacity of water, or its ability to resist changes in pH after the addition of acids. The alkalinity of natural waters is primarily due to the presence of weak acid salts, although strong bases may also contribute in extreme environments, e.g. (–OH).

We use a pH measurement kit to quickly and easily test and measure the pH of drinking and industrial water to maintain health and prevent damage to equipment, as well as control production processes.

Water hardness is caused almost entirely by calcium and magnesium ions. Other divalent and trivalent metals have a similar effect, but are not usually present in sufficient concentrations in drinking water to cause problems. High hardness prevents the formation of soap scum and can cause scale in water systems, especially boilers, cooling systems, and fresh water piping.