Corrosion inhibitors are substances that, when added in small amounts to a corrosive environment, slow down the rate of corrosion. In fact, an inhibitor can be considered a retarding catalyst. There are many inhibitors available with different compositions.

Refrigeration is the process of absorbing heat from one fluid and releasing it to another. The fluid can be air, water, or any other gas or liquid. In all refrigeration systems, keeping cool involves absorbing heat from a lower-temperature material and releasing it to a higher-temperature environment.

Osmosis is the movement of a solvent from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a semipermeable membrane. Reverse osmosis is a widely used separation technique with a variety of applications. Desalination of seawater and separation of organic and toxic substances from industrial wastewater are two important applications of this technology.