Steam boilers are mainly made of carbon steels, and the internal surface of these metals that are in contact with water must be free of deposits. Deposits have a lower thermal conductivity than metals, which causes the temperature of the metal to rise on the combustion wall side. Therefore, more fuel is needed to produce steam. Therefore, there is a need to control and wash these deposits inside the steam boiler.

Raw water intakes draw water from various specified levels in rivers, lakes, or reservoirs behind dams. In order to protect the pumps and remove large objects from the water before it enters the pumping station, strainers are usually installed in the intake structure. Aeration is a process unit that removes gases and volatile organic compounds that cause taste and odor problems in the water supply system.

Despite the widespread industrial use of hydrazine, few documented studies have been conducted on its harmful effects in humans. Humans may be exposed to hydrazine in a variety of ways, including occupational exposure, ingestion of hydrazine-containing medications, cigarette smoking, or accidental exposure. Hydrazine is absorbed through the skin, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract and is rapidly distributed throughout the body. Acute human poisoning has been reported to include vomiting, multiple respiratory tract lesions, central nervous system, liver, and kidney damage.

Secondary disinfection provides an essential residual that prevents the regrowth of microorganisms in the distribution network. Chlorine, chloramines, and chlorine dioxide are commonly used as secondary disinfectants. However, chloramine is the most commonly used secondary disinfectant. Chloramine is not virucidal and is only slightly effective in killing Giardia cysts.

Metals are subject to corrosion in most chemical environments, for example, metals corrode in contact with water, moisture, acids, bases, salts, oils, gaseous substances and other chemicals. In general, minerals are more corrosive than organic substances. For example, corrosion in the oil, gas and petrochemical industries is often caused by the effects of minerals such as chlorine, sulfur, etc., rather than by organic substances such as oil, petroleum and diesel.

Failure to pay attention to corrosion problems in any industrial and manufacturing unit results in hidden costs that are impossible to avoid. Economic considerations are essential in each of the corrosion control methods. Of course, there is no need to choose the most expensive corrosion control methods, because the costs incurred may not be economically justified and waste capital.

In an effort to develop new materials, humans have succeeded in producing synthetic materials using organic materials (mainly hydrocarbons) found in nature. These materials mainly contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur and are known as polymeric materials.

Because few people can think clearly and rationally during a crisis, it is important to be prepared to respond to such situations. Emergencies can be natural or man-made, such as floods, storms, fires, releases of toxic gases, or chemical spills.

Corrosion is often not uniform along the length of a member and is usually confined to the middle or ends of the member. In the case of piles, corrosion may be severe above the waterline and mild or absent below. This area of ​​maximum corrosion is often further away from the sections of maximum anchorage and shear forces, but rebar may be uniform throughout the member.

Corrosion inhibitors are substances that, when added in small amounts to a corrosive environment, slow down the rate of corrosion. In fact, an inhibitor can be considered a retarding catalyst. There are many inhibitors available with different compositions.

Condenser: A unit for controlling temperature in refrigerators, air conditioning systems, and chillers. Its main function is as a heat exchanger in which it converts a substance (refrigerant) from a gas state to a liquid state, from where the latent heat is dissipated by the substance and transferred to the condenser coolant.

Corrosion inhibitors are additives that control corrosion by altering the metal surface, the environment, or both. Their mode of action is to alter the anodic, cathodic, or both reactions. There are many corrosion inhibitors available with different compositions. Most of these materials have been discovered and refined through experimental testing, and many of them are sold under trade names and their chemical composition is kept secret.

In oil pipelines, the majority of pressure drop is due to friction in the pipes. Friction in the pipelines leads to a decrease in flow rate and also increases pumping and energy costs. This friction can be significantly reduced by injecting long-chain polymers (flow improvers).

Aeration has little effect on taste and odor removal. Most of the compounds that cause taste and odor have high solubility in water. Therefore, except in a few cases, aeration is usually less effective in removing taste and odor than other methods such as chemical oxidation or adsorption.

Refrigeration is the process of absorbing heat from one fluid and releasing it to another. The fluid can be air, water, or any other gas or liquid. In all refrigeration systems, keeping cool involves absorbing heat from a lower-temperature material and releasing it to a higher-temperature environment.

Corrosion in steam generation systems causes many problems in refineries, gas plants and petrochemical plants. Corrosion in boilers is a function of the concentration of oxygen, carbon dioxide and ammonia and the way these species are controlled, and in some cases is caused by the presence of hydroxide and chloride anions or high concentrations of chelating chemicals in the boiler water.