Analysis of the causes of cracks in the existing shell/tube exchanger and providing solutions to prevent similar incidents. The shell/tube exchanger is used to regulate the air temperature for drying granules in silos. Due to a leak in this exchanger after 5 years of operation, the tubes were separated from the shell and the tubesheet and tube areas were subjected to non-destructive inspections. It was found that many cracks had formed in the connection between the tubes and the tubesheet on the hot air inlet side, but no defects or discontinuities were observed on the air outlet side.

When the number of molecules leaving the water exceeds the number of molecules returning, the water begins to evaporate freely. At this point, the water reaches its boiling point, or saturation temperature, because it is saturated with thermal energy. Further increases in temperature, while keeping the pressure constant, do not cause a double temperature change, but only result in the formation of steam.

Steam boilers are mainly made of carbon steels, and the internal surface of these metals that are in contact with water must be free of deposits. Deposits have a lower thermal conductivity than metals, which causes the temperature of the metal to rise on the combustion wall side. Therefore, more fuel is needed to produce steam. Therefore, there is a need to control and wash these deposits inside the steam boiler.

Because few people can think clearly and rationally during a crisis, it is important to be prepared to respond to such situations. Emergencies can be natural or man-made, such as floods, storms, fires, releases of toxic gases, or chemical spills.

There are various types of heat exchangers in the industry, examples of which include: double-tube, plate, spiral tube and shell-and-tube heat exchangers, each of which has its own working method. Also, each heat exchanger has its own advantages and disadvantages.

With the advancement of boiler technology and its ancillary equipment, the importance of training in their repair and maintenance has also increased significantly, and only efficient and skilled people can undertake the repair and maintenance of today's boilers.